## A holomorphic and injective function has nonzero derivative

This post proves that if $f:U\to V$ is a function that is holomorphic (analytic) and injective, then $f'(z)\neq 0$ for all $z$ in $U$. The condition of having nonzero derivative is equivalent to the condition of conformal (preserves angles). Hence, this result can be stated as “A holomoprhic and injective function is conformal.”

(Proof modified from Stein-Shakarchi Complex Analysis)

We prove by contradiction. Suppose to the contrary $f'(z_0)=0$ for some $z_0\in D$. Using Taylor series, $\displaystyle f(z)=f(z_0)+f'(z_0)(z-z_0)+\frac{f''(z_0)}{2!}(z-z_0)^2+\dots$

Since $f'(z_0)=0$, $\displaystyle f(z)-f(z_0)=a(z-z_0)^k+G(z)$ for all $z$ near $z_0$, with $a\neq 0$, $k\geq 2$ and $G(z)=(z-z_0)^{k+1}H(z)$ where $H$ is analytic.

For sufficiently small $w\neq 0$, we write $\displaystyle f(z)-f(z_0)-w=F(z)+G(z),$ where $F(z)=a(z-z_0)^k-w$.

Since $|G(z)|<|F(z)|$ on a small circle centered at $z_0$, and $F$ has at least two zeroes inside that circle, Rouche’s theorem implies that $f(z)-f(z_0)-w$ has at least two zeroes there.

Since the zeroes of a non-constant holomorphic function are isolated, $f'(z)\neq 0$ for all $z\neq z_0$ but sufficiently close to $z_0$.

Let $z_1$, $z_2$ be the two roots of $f(z)-f(z_0)-w$. Note that since $w\neq 0$, $z_1\neq z_0$, $z_2\neq z_0$. If $z_1=z_2$, then $f(z)-f(z_0)-w=(z-z_1)^2h(z)$ for some analytic function $h$. This means $f'(z_0)=0$ which is a contradiction.

Thus $z_1\neq z_2$, which implies that $f$ is not injective.