Schwarz Lemma & Maximum Modulus Principle

Schwarz Lemma

Let $D=\{z:|z|<1\}$ be the open unit disk in the complex plane $\mathbb{C}$ centered at the origin and let $f:D\to D$ be a holomorphic map such that $f(0)=0$ .

Then, $|f(z)|\leq |z|$ for all $z\in D$ and $|f'(0)\leq 1$ .

Moreover, if $|f(z)|=|z|$ for some non-zero $z$ or $|f'(0)|=1$ , then $f(z)=az$ for some $a\in\mathbb{C}$ with $|a|=1$ .

Maximum modulus principle

Let $f$ be a function holomorphic on some connected open subset $D$ of the complex plane $\mathbb{C}$ and taking complex values. If $z_0$ is a point in $D$ such that $|f(z_0)|\geq|f(z)|$ for all $z$ in a neighborhood of $z_0$ , then the function $f$ is constant on $D$ .